BSD/386 Operating System Version 1.1 Technical Features Guide August, 1994 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- BSDI World Headquarters Berkeley Software Design, Inc. 7759 Delmonico Dr. Colo. 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AM Bldg. 2-5-3, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, Japan Phone: +81 3-3358-1701 Fax: +81 3-3358-1727 Email: bsdi-info@msi.co.jp Berkeley Software Design, Inc. reserves the right to change or modify any of the product or service specifications or features described herein without notice. This product summary is for information only and BSDI makes no express or implied representations or warranties in this summary. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and their contributors. BSD/386, BSDI, and the BSDI logo are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Berkeley Software Design, Inc. in the U.S.A. and other countries. All other brand or product names are or may be trademarks of, and are used to identify products and services of, their respective owners. (C) 1992, 1993, 1994 Berkeley Software Design, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Berkeley Software Design, Inc. BSD/386 Version 1.1 Technical Features Guide Introduction BSD/386 Version 1.1 is the second production release of BSDI's ground- breaking UNIX-like operating system for your 386/486/Pentium PC or compatible and is shipping now. It includes features and capabilities from the University of California, Berkeley Computer Systems Research Group's Net2 release in addition to MIT's X Window system and other software from a wide variety of sources. BSDI's operating system releases are unique in their offering of supported base systems software with almost complete source code. Contents of BSD/386 BSD/386 is an IEEE POSIX-compliant operating system (to be certified in 1994). BSD/386 contains a wide range of software from many different sources, including University of California, Berkeley Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG), MIT's Project Athena, the Free Software Foundation (GNU), Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories, and many contributors. BSDI's engineers have integrated, improved, and augmented these pieces to create BSD/386. BSD/386 includes bootable binaries for the base operating system, utilities, X Window System (X11R5), and numerous software packages. BSDI pays almost no license fees for its software and is therefore able to redistribute source code for just about the entire release (source code for certain X display drivers, certain multi-port serial cards, and the Xircom Pocket Ethernet controllers is not included due to manufacturer limitations). Some kernel modules in V1.1 are supplied in binary-only form; Version 2.0 will remove this limitation (V2.0 is scheduled for late November, 1994). BSD/386 Version 1.1 supports ISA and EISA bus-based computers. Localbus versions of supported adapters will also work (for example, localbus IDE controllers or video cards). Features The subsections that follow detail some of the more important technical features of BSD/386. Multi-tasking BSD/386 is a multi-tasking operating system. Your PC can run dozens or even hundreds of programs (called `processes') concurrently. The operating system takes care to give each process a share of the CPU. You can compile a module ``in background'' while editing another module (potentially in a different window or even on another terminal). BSD/386 licenses specify no maximum `user limit' - you can connect as many users as you wish (and your hardware can support) to your PC. Memory Management BSD/386 distinguishes itself from many PC operating systems in that it operates in `protected mode'. References outside a program's address space are trapped so that they do not harm other programs or the kernel. BSD/386 also supports virtual memory. You can run a program (or several programs) that require more memory than your PC has in its physical RAM. BSD/386 will keep parts of the program's `pages' in memory and store the rest of them on disk. When disk-resident pages are required, they are `paged-in' after other pages are `paged-out'. BSD/386 supports up to 256MB of RAM. Virtual memory size can be as large as the sum of your physical RAM and your swap space. Co-Residency BSD/386 supports `co-residency' so several operating systems can share a hard disk. You can boot and run BSD/386 from one part of the disk while reserving another part to boot and run DOS or some other operating system via the `bootany' program or other boot managers. Filesystems BSD/386 divides hard disks into non-overlapping `partitions'. Some partitions can contain other operating systems or filesystems for other operating systems (see Co-Residency above). Many partitions may be used by the system at one time, and each partition may contain a different type of file system. BSD/386 offers native support for the following file system types: o UFS: This is the "fast" file system developed at Berkeley. With its cylinder groups, careful disk layout strategies, and caching, it achieves very impressive disk speeds. Of course, BSD/386 supports long filenames (up to 255 characters) and symbolic links, which are hallmarks of Berkeley's filesystem development. o NFS: BSD/386 includes an implementation of Sun's Network File System (NFS) with significant performance enhancements. This enables you to export your PC's BSDI filesystems (including ISO-9660 CDROM filesystems) for sharing with other computers on your network that support NFS. It also enables you to access those computers' NFS filesystems. The NFS implementation also includes TCP/NFS for use over lower speed lines or wide-area networks. o MFS: The MFS appears to programs exactly like UFS, but it is optimized for temporary files. MFS gains speed by keeping most portions of its filesystem in RAM. Actually, MFS stores its data in virtual memory, so its size may be adjusted to suit application requirements. Programs which make extensive use of temporary files (e.g., compilers) see dramatic speedups when the MFS filesystem is used for /tmp. MFS files are not preserved across reboots. o CDROM. BSD/386 also supports the standard CDROM filesystem (ISO-9660), as well as the Rock Ridge extensions which enable a CDROM to contain full POSIX file names. o MSDOSFS. BSD/386 supports mounting MS-DOS filesystems directly into your BSD/386 directory hierarchy. Additionally, BSD/386 supports access to MS-DOS file systems, whether on floppy or hard disk, via the mtools package. Disks BSD/386 supports a wide variety of disks. The installation software includes programs to lay out and label the disks in addition to programs to create filesystems on the disks. Standard PC IDE, ESDI, RLL, and MFM hard-disks are supported. PC's allow two controllers and two disks on each controller, totaling four disks. By adding SCSI adapters you can attach many more disks. BSD/386 also supports the Mitsumi LU002, LU005, and FX001 CDROM drives (for the ISA bus) and a host of SCSI CDROM drives. Tapes BSD/386 supports WangTek 5150PK QIC-02 interface to QIC-150 tapes and the Everex EV-811, EV-831, and EV-833 drives. Additionally, a host of SCSI tape drives is supported. SCSI BSD/386 supports SCSI via the Adaptec 154xB, 154xC, 154xCF, and 174xA SCSI adapters, and the BusLogic (BusTek) BT-542B (ISA), BT-742 (EISA), BT-747 (EISA), BT-445S (VLB), and BT-946 (PCI) SCSI adapters. An experimental Adaptec 1520 driver is also available. Almost any SCSI disk will work with the supported adapters on BSD/386. Support for other controllers is in the works. The Adaptec and BusLogic boards support just about all SCSI tapes and SCSI disks. Exabyte 8mm tapes, WangTek SCSI tapes, CDROM drives, and dozens of SCSI disks have been tested successfully. Floating Point Support If your system has hardware floating point (either through the 486DX chip or outboard floating point processors like the 387 or equivalent), then BSD/386 will use the hardware for floating point calculations. If no hardware support is available, BSD/386 includes floating point emulation software. No special configuration or recompilation is required when your system changes from software floating point to hardware floating point (or vice versa). Networking BSD/386 includes the popular TCP/IP protocol suite. Standard facilities like telnet and ftp are supplied. All the popular Berkeley networking programs are included, as well (e.g., rsh, rlogin, and rcp). The network time synchronization protocol (NTP) is also supported. BSD/386 systems fit quickly and comfortably into your existing TCP/IP environment. Many customers use BSD/386 for their Internet gateways. BSD/386 supports the OSI protocol stack. The benefits of TCP/IP networking have been extended to lower speed lines through the SLIP protocol and the PPP protocol. You can use your favorite high speed modem to run TCP/IP via SLIP or PPP to another site and gain all the benefits of Ethernet-like networking, albeit at dramatically lower speeds. SLIP and PPP are ideal for sites which prefer low cost connectivity to wide area networks. BSD/386 supports the SDL Communications RISCom/N1, RISCom/N2, and RISCom/H2 high-speed synchronous interface cards. These provide a point- to-point bit-synchronous serial connection with speeds up to 4 Mb/s using HDLC frame format. BSD/386 supports Cisco HDLC encapsulation (for connecting to Cisco routers) and synchronous PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) over these connections. These can be used to network over standard 56K DDS leased lines. Contact SDL Communications Inc. at 508-238-4490. Security BSD/386 includes the complete Kerberos IV system. A BSD/386 system locked in a closet and running as a Kerberos server can dramatically improve security at sites that wish to use Kerberos. Terminals BSD/386 supports hundreds of different kinds of terminals through its termcap database which parameterizes cursor positioning and other terminal characteristics. BSD/386 includes support for: standard PC-compatible and 16550A high- speed serial ports; the AST-4, USENET II, and compatible four port cards; the SDL RISCom/8 multiple port serial card; the MAXpeed SS-4/2, SS-4PLUS, SS-8/2, and SS-16/2 multiport cards; the DigiBoard PC/4e, PC/8e, PC/16e, PC/8i multiport cards; and the Specialix SLXOS 8-32 multiport card. UUCP BSD/386 has a completely new implementation of UUCP which sports efficiency improvements and backward compatibility with configuration files of previous implementations. X Window System BSD/386 includes Release 5 of MIT's X Window System (X11R5). Many display adaptors are supported (see below); more are being added each quarter. Sequoia International, Inc. has OSF/Motif 1.2.3 available for BSD/386. Contact them at 305-480-6118 or info@seq.com. Development Environment All BSD/386 systems are built on PC compatibles running BSD/386. The C software development environment is complete and includes: o ANSI & Traditional C compiler (gcc; with lint functionality) o g++ compiler o make o The popular gdb debugger o flex and Berkeley yacc; lex and yacc replacements o RCS (the revision control system) o CVS (the concurrent version system which enables several developers to work simultaneously in a large source tree) The BSD/386 source license includes source for just about the entire release. Only a few modules may not have source code (when licenses for that source code are prohibitively expensive or require nondisclosure). Currently, only a few display drivers, the Digiboard drives, the MAXpeed single multi-port tty driver, and the Xircom Pocket Ethernet drivers are not delivered with source code. Source code not supplied with the release is often available at nominal cost to individuals. A few kernel modules are unavailable in source form in V1.1 but will again be available in the next release. Shells BSD/386 includes Berkeley's csh, GNU's bash, a version of sh that includes job control and functions, and the `public-domain' ksh shells. Editors BSD/386 includes vi, jove, ed, epoch, and emacs (along with over 7MB of emacs libraries). Text processing BSD/386 comes with the complete groff suite of troff-style text processing utilities and macro packages. Also included is the TEX distribution. Performance BSD/386 can rebuild its kernel on a 486 (50MHz clock) in under seven minutes of wall clock time. Fast 486 processors have the `feel' of 25 MIPS workstations; 486/66's benchmark at 31 MIPS. DOS execution BSD/386 includes a DOS execution environment. This environment enables running of DOS programs (8086/8088 compatibility mode) under BSD/386. Most commercial DOS software before Windows can run on an 8086/8088. 640KB of base memory and 4 MB of extended memory are supported. BSD/386 also supports the mtools package for reading and writing DOS format filesystems (both floppies and hard disks). Autoconfiguration BSD/386 Version 1.1 includes autoconfiguring device drivers that reduce the need to rebuild the kernel to make basic hardware configuration changes. Standards BSD/386 claims POSIX 1003.1 system interface compatibility; certification is planned. BSD/386 is tracking the P1003.2 utilities standard; BSD/386 will comply and ultimately achieve certification. The C compiler compiles ANSI-C programs. All system headers comply with ANSI-C and POSIX requirements. BSD/386 supports TCP/IP and OSI protocol suites and interoperates very well with other networked computers. Notebooks/Laptops BSD/386 is up and running on several different notebook computers. One slightly stripped-down configuration requires only about 70MB of disk (with some room left for the user). Shared libraries should be available in the V2.0 system and will reduce disk consumption dramatically. Compatible Hardware BSD/386 supports a wide variety of hardware. BSD/386 supports a floating point coprocessor (like a 387, or the built-in coprocessor on a 486DX, or other equivalent hardware). If floating point hardware is not available the operations are automatically emulated in software. BSD/386 supports almost all SCSI disks, tapes, and CDROM drives via the Adaptec 154xB, 154xC, 154xCF, and 174xA SCSI adapters, and the BusLogic (BusTek) BT-542B (ISA), BT-742 (EISA), BT-747 (EISA), BT-445S (VLB), and BT-946 (PCI) SCSI adapters. An experimental Adaptec 1520 driver is also available. PCMCIA will be supported in early 1995; experimental drivers are up and running now. BSD/386 supports 256MB of extended memory installed on ISA and EISA bus machines. BSD/386 supports most Ethernet controllers: Western Digital (WD)/Standard Microsystems Corp. (SMC) 8003/8013 EtherCard PLUS/Elite series, SMC Ultra, 3COM 3C501 (EtherLink), 3C503 (EtherLink II), 3C505 (EtherLink Plus), 3C507 (EtherLink 16), 3C509/3C579 (EtherLink III), the Novell NE1000 & NE2000, the TNIC 1500, the Allied Telesys RE2000/AT-1700 Series (experimental), HP EtherTwist (experimental), the Xircom PocketEthernet II and III, and the Intel EtherExpress 16 (experimental). BSD/386 supports any standard monochrome or color display controller in text mode. For screens larger than 640x480, the X Window System requires color SVGA or VGA cards and enough memory for the virtual screen size desired (usually about 1 MB). If you want a good middle-of- the-road card, the ATI Graphics Ultra and its higher-performance kin, the ATI Graphics Ultra Pro are both nice. The X Window System now supports VGA-size screens, but they are quite small for multiple windows, of course. SuperVGA Cards for X11R5 Max Res ChipSet --------------------------------------------------- Compuadd Hi-Rez card w/1meg 1024x768 ET4000 Diamond SpeedStar 1024x768 ET4000 EIZO MD-10 800x600 ET3000 GENOA 5300/5400 800x600 ET3000 GENOA 6400 800x600 GVGA Optima Mega/1024 1024x768 ET4000 Orchid ProDesigner 800x600 ET3000 Orchid ProDesigner II/1024 1024x768 ET4000 Paradise VGA Professional 640x480 PVGA1A Paradise VGA 1024 640x480 WD90C00 Sigma Legend 1024x768 ET4000 STB PowerGraph w/1meg 1024x768 ET4000 Swan SVGA with VCO chip 1024x768 ET4000 TRICOM Mega/1024 1024x768 ET4000 Trident TVGA 1024x768 TVGA8900C High speed chipsets: Cards for X11R5 Max Res ChipSet -------------------------------------------------- ATI Ultra Plus/Pro 1280x1024 MACH32 ATI Ultra/Vantage 1024x768 MACH8 Diamond Stealth 1024x768 86C911 Diamond Stealth 24 1024x768+ 86C801/805 SPEA V7-Mirage ??? 86C801 ELSA WINNER 1000 1280x1024 86C928 ELSA WINNER 1280 (Rev C) 1280x1024 82C480 ELSA WINNER 1280 (Rev C) 1280x1024 82C481 GENOA 1024x768 86C911 Nth Engine/150 1280x1024 82C480 Nth Engine/250 1280x1024 82C481 Orchid F1280 1024x768 86C911 Orchid F1280VA 1024x768 86C801/805 Paradise 8514 1024x768 WD9500 PixelWorks WhirlWIN 1280x1024 82C480 Radius XGA-2 1024x768 SGS Thompson XGA STB PowerGraph X24 1024x768 86C801/805 Video7 WIN.PRO 1024x768+ 86C801/805 The `+' means that larger screen sizes are available with extra memory on the card. The list of supported chips (in various manufacturer's cards) includes: ATI MACH64; Cirrus GD5402, GD5420, GD5422, GD5424, GD5426, GD5428, GD5430, GD5434 DGX; i8514 VESA8514, 82C480, 82C481, WD9500; IIT AGX014, AGX015; Matrox MGA-I, MGA-II (the highest speed cards supported); Oak OTI067, OTI077, OTI087; S3 86C801, 86C805, 86C805i, 86C864, 86C911, 86C924, 86C928, 86C964; Trident TVGA8900B, TVGA8900C, TVGA8900CL, TVGA8900D, TVGA9000, TVGA9000i; Tseng ET3000, ET4000, ET4000/W32, ET4000/W32i, ET4000/W32p; Weitek P9000; and WDC PVGA1, WD90C00, WD90C11, WD90C30, WD90C31. Video adaptors specifically for the ISA, EISA, VLB, and PCI buses are supported (providing their chips are supported, see the list above). What about Ethernet adapters for laptops? BSD/386 supports the Xircom PocketEthernet II and III parallel port ethernet controllers which can be used in general operation and for installation. Does BSD/386 require special hardware configurations? BSD/386 includes an autoconfiguration facility that attempts to probe your system to determine which peripherals are present. Booting from the floppy uses a `generic' kernel which has a large selection of devices--but not all of them. The generic kernel supports the configuration in the following table. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |Device Port IRQ DRQ iomem- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |First com port 0x3F8 * | |Second com port 0x2F8 * | |Floppy 0x3F0 * 2 | |1st hard-disk ctlr 0x1F0 * | | Devices above have standard PC-compatible parameters | |2nd hard-disk ctlr 0x170 * | |Parallel Porto/ | | Xircom PocketEthernet 0x378,0x3BC 7 | |ISA QIC Tape 0x300 * 1 | |Microsoft Busmouse 0x23C 5 | |Logitech Busmouse 0x23C 5 | |Adaptec 154x SCSI ctlr 0x330 * 5 | |Adaptec 174x SCSI ctlr * * * | |WD/SMC Etherneto * * * 0xD0000 | |NE Ethernet 0x340 * | |NE Ethernet (alternate) 0x320,0x360 * | |3c501 Ethernet 0x320 * | |3c503 Ethernet= * * * 0xDC000 | |3c505 Ethernet 0x240,0x320 * | |3c507 Ethernet 0x310 * * 0xD0000 | |3c509 Ethernet- 0x250 * | |3c579 Ethernet * * | |Intel EtherExpress 16 0x260 * | |TNIC-1500 Ethernet 0x300,0x320, * 3 | | 0x340,0x360 | |Mitsumi LU002 CDROM 0x334,0x340 2/9 3 | |Mitsumi LU005 CDROM 0x334,0x340 2/9 6 | |Mitsumi FX001 CDROM 0x334,0x340 2/9 6 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ An asterisk (`*') denotes an automatically detected field. - The iomem addresses for WD/SMC, 3c503, and 3c509 Ethernets are automatically configured by BSD/386--no special hardware configuration by the user is necessary. The port number for the 3c509 is also set by the kernel. The 3c509 uses port 0x100 during autoconfiguration-- this can conflict with another device. o BSD/386 supports WD/SMC Ethernet at 0x280, 0x2A0, 0x2E0, 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360, 0x380, 0x3A0, and 0x3E0. = BSD/386 supports the 3C503 at 0x280, 0x2A0, 0x2E0, 0x300, 0x310, 0x330, and 0x350. o Parallel printer ports and Pocket Ethernet adapters at port 0x3BC are known as unit 2 (lp2, pe2 or xir2). The BSD/386 kernel supports the floating point coprocessor or automatically emulates the hardware if none exists. If your configuration doesn't conform to these specifications you will need to reconfigure it to match. It is extremely important that you avoid conflicts in the IRQ, I/O Port, and I/O memory addresses of peripherals. The following devices are supported but are not configured in generic kernel. When you configure them into your kernel you can customize the configurations. Details of individual device configuration can be found in section 4 of the online manual pages. +---------------------------------------------------+ |Device Port IRQ iomem | +---------------------------------------------------+ |PS/2 mouse * 12 | |DigiBoard PC/Xe 0x220 * 0xD0000 | |Specialix tty - * 0xD8000 | |RISCom/N1 0x220 12 | |MPU-401 MIDI 0x300 * | |SDL RISCom/8 0x220 * | |MAXpeed - - 0xD4000 | |AST-4 0x2A0 * | |HP EtherTwist 0x2C0,0x300 * 0xC8000 | |Allied Telesis Ether * * | +---------------------------------------------------+ An asterisk (`*') denotes an automatically detected field. Installation BSD/386 installs via several floppy disks in conjunction with one QIC-150 (DC6250) tape, one Exabyte 8mm tape, a CDROM, or over the ethernet to a computer that can read a QIC-150 tape, 8mm tape, or CDROM . The first boot floppy brings up a minimal version of BSD/386 which includes device drivers for disks, tapes, network, CDROM, and SLIP in addition to programs for disk setup; the second floppy contains the installation software. The system (without the sources) can be loaded off medium-fast tape drives in less than an hour. CDROMs load the system even more quickly. Additional floppies contain Kerberos IV and encryption support and are included with all US and Canadian shipments. Size of the Release The system requires at least 4 MB of RAM for normal operation (at least 8 MB if the X Window System is used). Package Set Size --------------------------------------------------------------- Base OS, Utilities, Networking, Development tools 52MB Contributed Software (GNU and other) 26MB Games, MH, Ghostscript, Emacs, TeX, ISODE 49MB X11R5 Server, Fonts, X11 Clients, X11 Development tools 68MB The source package sizes are as follows: Packages Size -------------------------------------- BSD/386 Kernel sources 7MB Library and Utilities sources 222MB X11R5 sources 116MB A full install of all binaries and sources requires a total of 540MB. CDROM users have access to all the sources and binaries directly from the CDROM. Most of the software packages can be compiled directly from the CDROM. Including sources for all the various software brings the total to about 540MB (before any intermediate object (.o) files are generated). Sites with CDROM drives can compile the sources from CDROM and conserve disk space. Origins of Software BSDI engineers have implemented modules, programs, and have integrated software from a variety of sources in order to create BSD/386. BSD/386 includes base operating system software and utilities from the Berkeley CSRG's Net2 release. The X11R5 window system has its origins at MIT's Project Athena. Many display drivers for the window system are supplied by Snitily Graphics Consulting Service. The compilers and several utilities are supplied by the GNU project (gcc version 1.42, gcc2 and g++ version 2.5.8). Other utilities and modules have a variety of origins. Redistribution Policy Those modules included in BSD/386 which were not engineered by BSDI's employees and which were not acquired under special license may be redistributed under their original terms. The copyright notice in each source file describes its requirements for redistribution. Bug Fixes Bug fixes will be available both from BSDI's service desk and via the network as users post them in various newsgroups and on mailing lists. Users can post their own bug fixes (with `diffs'), though the diff's should not be so extensive as to give out BSDI's proprietary code. BSDI plans to make its bug database available via the network in the near future. Documentation The release includes a printed installation and configuration manual. All man pages are included on the software media (in both formatted and unformatted files). Future Directions BSDI's current plans include: o An execution environment for SCO UNIX SVR3.2 applications. o Certification of POSIX 1003.1 and, in the future, 1003.2 standards o Tracking CSRG releases (e.g., 4.4BSD-Lite). o Ports to other popular architectures (e.g., SPARC) List of Utilities The list below shows most of the utilities currently available on BSD/386 Version 1.1. Additional utilities are being added all the time. /bin: [ dd ln pwd stty bash df ls rcp sync cat echo mkdir rm tar chmod expr mt rmail tcsh cp hostname mv rmdir test csh kill pax sh zsh date ksh ps sleep /usr/bin: Mail egrep line ranlib troff addftinfo env lkbib rcs true afmtodit eqn locate rcsclean tset apropos error lock rcsdiff tsort ar ex logger rcsfreeze tty arch expand login rcsmerge ul areacode false logname rdist uname as fdformat look reblock uncompress at fgrep lookbib refer unexpand atq file lorder register unifdef atrm find lpq renice uniq awk finger lpr reset units banner fmt lprm rev unvis basename fold m4 rlog uptime bc fpr machine rlogin users bdes from mail rpcgen uucp biff fsplit mailq rpcinfo uudecode bpatch fstat make rsh uuencode bsd2dos ftp makewhatis rstat uuname cal g++ man rundos uupick calendar g++2 merge ruptime uusnap cc gcc mesg rwho uuto cdctl gcc2 mkdep sccs uux checknr gcore mkfifo script vacation chflags gdb mklocale sdiff vgafont chfn genclass mkmodules sed vgrind chgrp gprof mkstr sendbug vi chpass grep more shar view chsh grodvi mset showmount vis ci groff msgs size vmstat cksum grog netstat soelim vreset clear grops newaliases sort w cmp grotty nfsstat spell wall co groups nice split wc col head nm strings what colcrt hexdump nohup strip whatis colrm id nroff su whereis column ident od suidperl which comm indent page symorder who compress indxbib pagesize tail whoami cpp install passwd taintperl whois crontab ispell paste talk window ctags join patch tbl write cu kdestroy perl tcopy xargs cut kdump pfbtops tee xroff cvs kinit pic telnet xstr cvsinit klist ppp tfmtodit yacc dc ksrvtgt pr tftp yes diff ktrace printenv time yyfix dirname last printf tip zcat dos2bsd lastcomm psbb tn3270 doscmd ld psroff touch du leave pstat tput ed lex quota tr /sbin: XNSrouted dumpfs mount_iso9660 pppconfig scsicmd badsect fastboot mount_mfs quotacheck shutdown chkconfig fasthalt mount_msdos rdump slattach clri fsck mountd reboot startslip diskdefect halt newfs restore swapon disklabel ifconfig nfsd route tunefs disksetup init nfsiod routed umount dmesg mknod ping rrestore dump mount pppattach savecore /usr/sbin: accton htable make_fp ntpq timed amd identd make_ip ntptrace timedc amq inetd make_key_perm pac traceroute arp installsw make_keypair portmap trpt chown ioport make_odd praliases trsp chroot iostat make_p pwd_mkdb update compile_et kdb_destroy make_p_table quotaoff uucico config kdb_edit make_s_table quotaon uuparams configsl kdb_init makemap repquota vipw cron kdb_util mrinfo rmt xferstats dev_mkdb kerberos mrouted rstatd xntpd diskpart kgmon msconfig rwhod xntpdc dosfirstpage kstash mtree sa xntpres edquota kvm_mkdb named sendmail zic ext_srvtab lpc named.reload sliplogin ftpcount lpd named.restart syslogd ftpshut lptest nslookup tcpdump gettable mailstats ntpdate tcpslice /usr/libexec: at_allowed doscmd.kernel locate.bigram ntalkd uuage bugfiler fingerd locate.code registerd uucico cc1 ftpd locate.updatedb rexecd uucpd comsat gcc2 lpr rlogind uusched cpp getNAME mail.local rshd uuxqt diff3 getty makekey telnetd vfontedpr dos.kernel kpasswdd named-xfer tftpd /usr/X11/bin: Mosaic import pgmtofs ppmtorgb3 xev SuperProbe lispmtopgm pgmtolispm ppmtosixel xeyes X listres pgmtopbm ppmtotga xfd X386-SGCS lndir pgmtoppm ppmtouil xfig XF86_8514 macptopbm pi1toppm ppmtoxpm xfishtank XF86_Mach32 makedepend pi3topbm ppmtoyuv xfontsel XF86_Mach8 maze pic2tpic psidtopgm xgas XF86_Mono mgrtopbm picttoppm puzzle xgc XF86_S3 mkdirhier pjtoppm qrttoppm xgopher XF86_SVGA mkfontdir plbpex rasttopnm xhost XF86_VGA16 mogrify pnmarith rawtopgm ximtoppm Xaccel montage pnmcat rawtoppm xinfo animate mtvtoppm pnmconvol resize xinit anytopnm mwm pnmcrop rgb3toppm xkeycaps appres oclock pnmcut segment xkill atktopbm pbmlife pnmdepth sessreg xload atobm pbmmake pnmenlarge seyon xloadimage auto_box pbmmask pnmfile showfont xlogo bdftopcf pbmmerge pnmflip showrgb xlsatoms beach_ball pbmreduce pnmgamma sldtoppm xlsclients bggen pbmtext pnmindex spctoppm xlsfonts bitmap pbmto10x pnminvert spider xmag bmtoa pbmtoascii pnmmargin sputoppm xman brushtopbm pbmtoatk pnmmerge startx xmbind cjpeg pbmtobbnbg pnmnoraw tetris xmh ckconfig pbmtocmuwm pnmpaste tgatoppm xmille cmuwmtopbm pbmtoepson pnmrotate tifftopnm xmix combine pbmtog3 pnmscale transfig xmkmf configX386 pbmtogem pnmshear twm xmodmap convert pbmtogo pnmsmooth uil xmosaic display pbmtoicon pnmtile ups xon djpeg pbmtolj pnmtops vdcomp xpaint editres pbmtomacp pnmtorast viewres xphoon fig2dev pbmtomgr pnmtotiff vtwm xpmtoppm fig2ps2tex pbmtopi3 pnmtoxwd x11perf xpr fitstopgm pbmtoplot ppmdither x11perfcomp xprop fs pbmtoptx ppmforge xarchie xrdb fsinfo pbmtox10bm ppmhist xauth xrefresh fslsfonts pbmtoxbm ppmmake xbiff xroach fstobdf pbmtoybm ppmmerge xbmtopbm xset fstopgm pbmtozinc ppmpat xboing xsetbg fvwm pbmupc ppmquant xcalc xsetroot g3topbm pcxtoppm ppmquantall xclipboard xstdcmap gemtopbm pgmbentley ppmrelief xclock xterm giftoppm pgmcrater ppmtoacad xcmap xv gouldtoppm pgmedge ppmtogif xcmsdb xview gwm pgmenhance ppmtoicr xcmstest xwd gxditview pgmhist ppmtoilbm xconsole xwdtopnm hipstopgm pgmmerge ppmtopcx xcutsel xwininfo ico pgmnorm ppmtopgm xditview xwud icontopbm pgmoil ppmtopi1 xdm ybmtopbm ilbmtoppm pgmramp ppmtopict xdpr yuvtoppm imake pgmtexture ppmtopj xdpyinfo imgtoppm pgmtofits ppmtopuzz xedit /usr/contrib/mh/bin: ali forw msgchk refile sortm anno inc msh repl vmh burst mark next rmf whatnow comp mhmail packf rmm whom dist mhn pick scan folder mhparam prev send folders mhpath prompter show /usr/contrib/bin: MakeTeXPK faxanswer lesskey pcnfsd tangle a2p faxcover listalias perl tclsh afm2tfm faxd lprps pico tcsh answer faxd.recv macvert pktype te arepdaem faxinfo maddinst play_aiff teachjove autoreply faxmail mailrc.awk play_au texi2index bash faxquit makeinfo play_wav texi2roff basica faxrm makekit playmidi textps bibtex faxstat mattrib pltotf tftopl calc filter mcd pooltype top cbars find2perl mcopy printmail unshar cdif findsrc md5 psc unzip cdsp from mdel psgraph vftovp checkalias funzip mdir psgsimp virmf checksendmail gftodvi messages psrev vptovf cmmf gftopk mf rb wdiff cshar gftype mformat readmsg weave daemon ghostview mft record wish dialtest gmake minfo rz zcmp dig gpatch mixer s2p zdiff dvicopy gs mkmanifest sb zdown dvijep gunzip mlabel sc zforce dvips gzcat mmd scqref zgrep dvitype gzexe mplay screen zip elm gzip mrd sdif zipinfo elvis h2ph mread sendfax zmore elvrec info mrec shs znew emacs inimf mren sox zsh epoch irc mtype squeeze zup etags ircd mwrite suidperl fastmail jove nenscript sx fax2ps ksh newalias sz faxalter less newmail taintperl