TBD H. Birkholz Internet-Draft Fraunhofer SIT Intended status: Standards Track A. Delignat-Lavaud Expires: 13 June 2025 C. Fournet A. Chamayou Microsoft Research 10 December 2024 COSE Receipts with CCF draft-birkholz-cose-receipts-ccf-profile-03 Abstract This document defines a new verifiable data structure type for COSE Signed Merkle Tree Proofs specifically designed for transaction ledgers produced by Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs), such as the Confidential Consortium Framework ([CCF]) to provide stronger tamper-evidence guarantees. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. 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Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Description of the CCF Ledger Verifiable Data Structure . . . 3 2.1. Merkle Tree Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2. Transaction Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. CCF Inclusion Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1. CCF Inclusion Proof Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.2. Inclusion Proof Verification Algorithm . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Usage in COSE Receipts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7.1. Additions to Existing Registries . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7.1.1. Tree Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1. Introduction The COSE Receipts document [I-D.ietf-cose-merkle-tree-proofs] defines a common framework for defining different types of proofs, such as proof of inclusion, about verifiable data structures (VDS). For instance, inclusion proofs guarantee to a verifier that a given serializable element is recorded at a given state of the VDS, while consistency proofs are used to establish that an inclusion proof is still consistent with the new state of the VDS at a later time. In this document, we define a new type of VDS, associated with the Confidential Consortium Framework (CCF) ledger. This VDS carries indexed transaction information in a binary Merkle Tree, where new transactions are appended to the right, so that the binary decomposition of the index of a transaction can be interpreted as the position in the tree if 0 represents the left branch and 1 the right branch. Compared to [RFC9162], the leaves of CCF trees carry additional internal information for the following purposes: Birkholz, et al. Expires 13 June 2025 [Page 2] Internet-Draft COSE Receipts with CCF December 2024 1. To bind the full details of the transaction executed, which is a super-set of what is exposed in the proof and captures internal information details useful for detailed system audit, but not for application purposes. 2. To verify that elements are only written by the Trusted Execution Environment, which addresses the persistence of committed transactions that happen between new signatures of the Merkle Tree root. 1.1. Requirements Notation The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 2. Description of the CCF Ledger Verifiable Data Structure This documents extends the verifiable data structure registry of [I-D.ietf-cose-merkle-tree-proofs] with the following value: +===================+===============+==================+===========+ | Name | Value | Description | Reference | +===================+===============+==================+===========+ | CCF_LEDGER_SHA256 | TBD_1 | Historical | RFCthis | | | (requested | transaction | | | | assignment 2) | ledgers, such as | | | | | the CCF ledger | | +-------------------+---------------+------------------+-----------+ Table 1: Verifiable Data Structure Algorithms This document defines inclusion proofs for CCF ledgers. Corresponding CCF Verifiers MUST reject proof types they do not support. 2.1. Merkle Tree Shape A CCF ledger is a binary Merkle Tree constructed from a hash function H, which is defined from the log type. For instance, the hash function for CCF_LEDGER_SHA256 is SHA256, whose HASH_SIZE is 32 bytes. Birkholz, et al. Expires 13 June 2025 [Page 3] Internet-Draft COSE Receipts with CCF December 2024 The Merkle tree encodes an ordered list of n transactions T_n = {T[0], T[1], ..., T[n-1]}. We define the Merkle Tree Hash (MTH) function, which takes as input a list of serialized transactions (as byte strings), and outputs a single HASH_SIZE byte string called the Merkle root hash, by induction on the list: This function is defined as follows: The hash of an empty list is the hash of an empty string: MTH({}) = HASH(). The hash of a list with one entry (also known as a leaf hash) is: MTH({d[0]}) = HASH(d[0]). For n > 1, let k be the largest power of two smaller than n (i.e., k < n <= 2k). The Merkle Tree Hash of an n-element list D_n is then defined recursively as: MTH(D_n) = HASH(MTH(D[0:k]) || MTH(D[k:n])), where: * || denotes concatenation * : denotes concatenation of lists * D[k1:k2] = D'_(k2-k1) denotes the list {d'[0] = d[k1], d'[1] = d[k1+1], ..., d'[k2-k1-1] = d[k2-1]} of length (k2 - k1). 2.2. Transaction Components Each leaf in a CCF ledger carries the following components: ccf-leaf = [ internal-transaction-hash: bstr .size 32 ; a string of HASH_SIZE(32) bytes internal-evidence: tstr .size (1..1024) ; a string of at most 1024 bytes data-hash: bstr .size 32 ; a string of HASH_SIZE(32) bytes ] The internal-transaction-hash and internal-evidence byte strings are internal to the CCF implementation. They can be safely ignored by receipt Verifiers, but they commit the TS to the whole tree contents and may be used for additional, CCF-specific auditing. Birkholz, et al. Expires 13 June 2025 [Page 4] Internet-Draft COSE Receipts with CCF December 2024 internal-transaction-hash is a hash over the complete entry in the [CCF-Ledger-Format], and internal-evidence is a revealable [CCF-Commit-Evidence] value that allows early persistence of ledger entries before distributed consensus can be established. data-hash summarises the subject of the proof: the data which is included in the ledger at this transaction. 3. CCF Inclusion Proofs CCF inclusion proofs consist of a list of digests tagged with a single left-or-right bit. ccf-proof-element = [ left: bool ; position of the element hash: bstr .size 32; hash of the proof element (string of HASH_SIZE(32) bytes) ] ccf-inclusion-proof = bstr .cbor { &(leaf: 1) => ccf-leaf &(path: 2) => [+ ccf-proof-element] } Unlike some other tree algorithms, the index of the element in the tree is not explicit in the inclusion proof, but the list of left-or- right bits can be treated as the binary decomposition of the index, from the least significant (leaf) to the most significant (root). 3.1. CCF Inclusion Proof Signature The proof signature for a CCF inclusion proof is a COSE signature (encoded with the COSE_Sign1 CBOR type) which includes the following additional requirements for protected and unprotected headers. Please note that there may be additional headers defined by the application. The protected headers for the CCF inclusion proof signature MUST include the following: * verifiable-data-structure: int/tstr. This header MUST be set to the verifiable data structure algorithm identifier for ccf-ledger (TBD_1). * label: int. This header MUST be set to the value of the inclusion proof type in the IANA registry of Verifiable Data Structure Proof Type (-1). Birkholz, et al. Expires 13 June 2025 [Page 5] Internet-Draft COSE Receipts with CCF December 2024 The unprotected header for a CCF inclusion proof signature MUST include the following: * inclusion-proof: bstr .cbor ccf-inclusion-proof. This contains the serialized CCF inclusion proof, as defined above. The payload of the signature is the CCF ledger Merkle root digest, and MUST be detached in order to force verifiers to recompute the root from the inclusion proof in the unprotected header. This provides a safeguard against implementation errors that use the payload of the signature but do not recompute the root from the inclusion proof. 3.2. Inclusion Proof Verification Algorithm CCF uses the following algorithm to verify an inclusion receipt: compute_root(proof): h := proof.leaf.internal-transaction-hash || HASH(proof.leaf.internal-evidence) || proof.leaf.data-hash for [left, hash] in proof: h := HASH(hash + h) if left HASH(h + hash) else return h verify_inclusion_receipt(inclusion_receipt): let proof = inclusion_receipt.unprotected_headers[INCLUSION_PROOF_LABEL] or fail assert(inclusion_receipt.payload == nil) let payload = compute_root(proof) # Use the Merkle Root as the detached payload return verify_cose(inclusion_receipt, payload) A description can also be found at [CCF-Receipt-Verification]. 4. Usage in COSE Receipts A COSE Receipt with a CCF inclusion proof is described by the following CDDL definition: protected-header-map = { &(alg: 1) => int &(vds: 395) => 2 * cose-label => cose-value } Birkholz, et al. Expires 13 June 2025 [Page 6] Internet-Draft COSE Receipts with CCF December 2024 * alg (label: 1): REQUIRED. Signature algorithm identifier. Value type: int. * vds (label: 395): REQUIRED. verifiable data structure algorithm identifier. Value type: int. The unprotected header for an inclusion proof signature is described by the following CDDL definition: inclusion-proof = ccf-inclusion-proof inclusion-proofs = [ + inclusion-proof ] verifiable-proofs = { &(inclusion-proof: -1) => inclusion-proofs } unprotected-header-map = { &(vdp: 396) => verifiable-proofs * cose-label => cose-value } 5. Privacy Considerations TBD 6. Security Considerations Maybe a list of precursors that are specific to CCF VDS goes here (e.g., trade-offs, pro/con, use of TEE). 7. IANA Considerations 7.1. Additions to Existing Registries 7.1.1. Tree Algorithms This document requests IANA to add the following new value to the 'COSE Verifiable Data Structures' registry: * Name: CCF_LEDGER_SHA256 * Value: 2 (requested assignment) Birkholz, et al. Expires 13 June 2025 [Page 7] Internet-Draft COSE Receipts with CCF December 2024 * Description: Append-only logs that are integrity-protected by a Merkle Tree and signatures produced via Trusted Execution Environments containing a mix of public and confidential information, as specified by the Confidential Consortium Framework. * Reference: This document 8. Normative References [CCF] "Confidential Consortium Framework", n.d., . [CCF-Commit-Evidence] "CCF Commit Evidence", n.d., . [CCF-Ledger-Format] "CCF Ledger Format", n.d., . [CCF-Receipt-Verification] "CCF Receipt Verification", n.d., . [I-D.ietf-cose-merkle-tree-proofs] Steele, O., Birkholz, H., Delignat-Lavaud, A., and C. Fournet, "COSE Receipts", Work in Progress, Internet- Draft, draft-ietf-cose-merkle-tree-proofs-07, 17 October 2024, . [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . [RFC9162] Laurie, B., Messeri, E., and R. Stradling, "Certificate Transparency Version 2.0", RFC 9162, DOI 10.17487/RFC9162, December 2021, . Birkholz, et al. Expires 13 June 2025 [Page 8] Internet-Draft COSE Receipts with CCF December 2024 Authors' Addresses Henk Birkholz Fraunhofer SIT Rheinstrasse 75 64295 Darmstadt Germany Email: henk.birkholz@ietf.contact Antoine Delignat-Lavaud Microsoft Research 21 Station Road Cambridge CB1 2FB United Kingdom Email: antdl@microsoft.com Cedric Fournet Microsoft Research 21 Station Road Cambridge CB1 2FB United Kingdom Email: fournet@microsoft.com Amaury Chamayou Microsoft Research 21 Station Road Cambridge CB1 2FB United Kingdom Email: amaury.chamayou@microsoft.com Birkholz, et al. Expires 13 June 2025 [Page 9]