Secure Shell Maintenance S. Josefsson
Internet-Draft 4 February 2025
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: 8 August 2025
Stateless Hash-Based Signatures for the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol
draft-josefsson-ssh-sphincs-00
Abstract
This document describes the use of Sphincs+/SLH-DSA digital
signatures in the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol.
About This Document
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
Status information for this document may be found at
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-josefsson-ssh-sphincs/.
Discussion of this document takes place on the SSHM Working Group
mailing list (mailto:ssh@ietf.org), which is archived at
https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/ssh/.
Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
https://gitlab.com/jas/ietf-ssh-sphincs.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 8 August 2025.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Conventions Used In This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Public Key Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5. Public Key Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
6. Signature Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
7. Signature Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
8. Verification Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
9. SSHFP DNS Resource Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
12. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
13. Test vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
13.1. Private Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
13.2. Public-Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
13.3. Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
13.4. Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
14.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
14.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1. Introduction
Secure Shell (SSH) [RFC4251] is a secure remote-login protocol. It
provides for an extensible variety of public key algorithms for
identifying servers and users to one another.
Sphincs+ [SPHINCS] is a stateless hash-based digital signature
system, standardized in [NIST.FIPS.205] as Stateless Hash-Based
Digital Signature Algorithm (SLH-DSA).
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This document specify how Sphincs+/SLH-DSA is used in SSH.
2. Conventions Used In This Document
The descriptions of key and signature formats use the notation
introduced in [RFC4251], Section 3, and the string data type from
[RFC4251], Section 5. Identifiers and terminology from SPHINCS
[NIST.FIPS.205] are used throughout the document.
3. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
4. Public Key Algorithm
This document describes a public key algorithm for use with SSH, as
per [RFC4253], Section 6.6. The name of the algorithm is "ssh-slh-
dsa-sha2-256f" to match SLH-DSA-SHA2-256F [NIST.FIPS.205]. This
algorithm only supports signing and not encryption.
SSH implementations SHOULD implement these signature algorithms.
5. Public Key Format
The "ssh-slh-dsa-sha2-256f" key format has the following encoding:
string "ssh-slh-dsa-sha2-256f"
string key
Here, 'key' is the public key described in [NIST.FIPS.205], for the
SLH-DSA-SHA2-256F algorithm, Section 10.1.
6. Signature Algorithm
Signatures are generated according to the procedure in Sections 10.2
[NIST.FIPS.205], using the "pure" version of SLH-DSA-SHA2-256F.
7. Signature Format
The "ssh-ed25519" key format has the following encoding:
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string "ssh-slh-dsa-sha2-256f"
string signature
Here, 'signature' is the signature produced in accordance with the
previous section.
8. Verification Algorithm
Signatures are verified according to the procedure in
[NIST.FIPS.205], Section 10.3, using the "pure" version of SLH-DSA-
SHA2-256F.
9. SSHFP DNS Resource Records
Usage and generation of the SSHFP DNS resource record is described in
[RFC4255]. This section illustrates the generation of SSHFP resource
records for SLH-DSA/Sphincs+ keys, and this document also specifies
the corresponding code point to "SSHFP RR Types for public key
algorithms" in the "DNS SSHFP Resource Record Parameters" IANA
registry [IANA-SSHFP].
The generation of SSHFP resource records keys for SLH-DSA/Sphincs+ is
described as follows.
The encoding of SLH-DSA/Sphincs+ public keys is described in
[NIST.FIPS.205], Section 10.1.
The public keys are short, so there is no need to use a hash
algorithm to shorten them. We therefor describe a new "Fingerprint
Type" value TBD2 to refer to the raw public-key value without
hashing.
The SSHFP Resource Record for a SLH-DSA/Sphincs+ key fingerprint
would, for example, be:
pqserver.example.com. IN SSHFP TBD1 TBD2 (
a87f1b687ac0e57d2a081a2f2826723
34d90ed316d2b818ca9580ea384d92401 )
Replace TBD1 and TBD2 with the values eventually allocated by IANA.
10. IANA Considerations
This document augments the Public Key Algorithm Names in [RFC4250],
Section 4.11.3.
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IANA is requested to add the following entry to "Public Key Algorithm
Names" in the "Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Parameters" registry
[IANA-SSH]:
+===========================+==========+================+===========+
| Public Key Algorithm Name | Key Size | Signature | Reference |
| | | Size | |
+===========================+==========+================+===========+
| ssh-slh-dsa-sha2-256f | 64 | 49856 | THIS-RFC |
+---------------------------+----------+----------------+-----------+
Table 1: SSH Public Key Code Points
IANA is requested to add the following entry to "SSHFP RR Types for
public key algorithms" in the "DNS SSHFP Resource Record Parameters"
registry [IANA-SSHFP]:
+=======+=======================+===========+
| Value | Description | Reference |
+=======+=======================+===========+
| TBD1 | SSH-SLH-DSA-SHA2-256F | THIS-RFC |
+-------+-----------------------+-----------+
Table 2: SSH DNS SSHFP RR Public Key
Algorithm Types
IANA is requested to add the following entry to "SSHFP RR types for
fingerprint types" in the "DNS SSHFP Resource Record Parameters"
registry [IANA-SSHFP]:
+=======+=============+===========+
| Value | Description | Reference |
+=======+=============+===========+
| TBD2 | raw | THIS-RFC |
+-------+-------------+-----------+
Table 3: SSH DNS SSHFP RR
Fingerprint Types
11. Security Considerations
The security considerations in [RFC4251], Section 9 apply to all SSH
implementations, including those using Sphincs+/SLH-DSA.
The security considerations in SPHINCS [NIST.FIPS.205] apply to all
uses of Sphincs+/SLH-DSA, including those in SSH.
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Cryptographic algorithms and parameters are usually broken or
weakened over time. Implementers and users need to continously re-
evaluate that cryptographic algorithms continue to provide the
expected level of security.
12. Acknowledgments
The text of [RFC8709] was used as a template for this document.
13. Test vectors
The following illustrate test vectors using file formats used by, for
example, OpenSSH.
13.1. Private Key
Private key:
-----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----
b3BlbnNzaC1rZXktdjEAAAAABG5vbmUAAAAEbm9uZQAAAAAAAAABAAAAYwAAABtzc2gtc2xoLWRz
YS1zaGEyLTI1NmYAAABAPS6Ma/U7TKh4/I8HoTobiV+1sQnpkHZL7oztSTxgWoJYTDYEYdQpwty9
IJfwQDvK778DQCr9dx1gWb1HYDwYMAAAAQAS6f2dEun9nQAAABtzc2gtc2xoLWRzYS1zaGEyLTI1
NmYAAABAPS6Ma/U7TKh4/I8HoTobiV+1sQnpkHZL7oztSTxgWoJYTDYEYdQpwty9IJfwQDvK778D
QCr9dx1gWb1HYDwYMAAAAIBlB//OALih6/bAIOUGOGuaSKuK86IySusLX5xiqsPmJmE32DHKfIgg
mmvckaPbwnliYgL0mV/aAetfELu7XoqHPS6Ma/U7TKh4/I8HoTobiV+1sQnpkHZL7oztSTxgWoJY
TDYEYdQpwty9IJfwQDvK778DQCr9dx1gWb1HYDwYMAAAAAhqYXNAa2FrYQECAwQF
-----END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----
13.2. Public-Key
Public key:
ssh-slh-dsa-sha2-256f AAAAG3NzaC1zcGhpbmNzcGx1c0BvcGVuc3NoLmNvbQAAAEA9Loxr9TtMqHj8jwehOhuJX7WxCemQdkvujO1JPGBaglhMNgRh1CnC3L0gl/BAO8rvvwNAKv13HWBZvUdgPBgw jas@kaka
13.3. Message
The namespace context string used is "my-namespace", and the message
is (including final newline):
Hello world!
13.4. Signature
Signature:
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-----BEGIN SSH SIGNATURE-----
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Josefsson Expires 8 August 2025 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Sphincs+SSH February 2025
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Josefsson Expires 8 August 2025 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Sphincs+SSH February 2025
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Josefsson Expires 8 August 2025 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Sphincs+SSH February 2025
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Josefsson Expires 8 August 2025 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Sphincs+SSH February 2025
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Josefsson Expires 8 August 2025 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Sphincs+SSH February 2025
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Josefsson Expires 8 August 2025 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft Sphincs+SSH February 2025
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Josefsson Expires 8 August 2025 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft Sphincs+SSH February 2025
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Josefsson Expires 8 August 2025 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft Sphincs+SSH February 2025
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Josefsson Expires 8 August 2025 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft Sphincs+SSH February 2025
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-----END SSH SIGNATURE-----
14. References
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14.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4250] Lehtinen, S. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
Protocol Assigned Numbers", RFC 4250,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4250, January 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4250>.
[RFC4251] Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
Protocol Architecture", RFC 4251, DOI 10.17487/RFC4251,
January 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4251>.
[RFC4253] Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
Transport Layer Protocol", RFC 4253, DOI 10.17487/RFC4253,
January 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4253>.
[RFC4255] Schlyter, J. and W. Griffin, "Using DNS to Securely
Publish Secure Shell (SSH) Key Fingerprints", RFC 4255,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4255, January 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4255>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
14.2. Informative References
[IANA-SSH] IANA, "Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Parameters", n.d.,
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/ssh-parameters/>.
[IANA-SSHFP]
IANA, "DNS SSHFP Resource Record Parameters", n.d.,
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-sshfp-rr-
parameters/>.
[NIST.FIPS.205]
"*** BROKEN REFERENCE ***".
[RFC8709] Harris, B. and L. Velvindron, "Ed25519 and Ed448 Public
Key Algorithms for the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol",
RFC 8709, DOI 10.17487/RFC8709, February 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8709>.
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[SPHINCS] SPHINCS+ Team, "SPHINCS+", April 2023,
<https://sphincs.org/>.
Author's Address
Simon Josefsson
Email: simon@josefsson.org
Josefsson Expires 8 August 2025 [Page 20]